|
Charles Sanders Peirce (,〔"Peirce", in the case of C.S. Peirce, always rhymes with the English-language word "terse" and so, in most dialects, is pronounced exactly like the English-language word "". See "(Note on the Pronunciation of 'Peirce' )", ''Peirce Project Newsletter'', v. 1, nos. 3/4, Dec. 1994.〕 like "purse", September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism. An innovator in mathematics, statistics, philosophy, research methodology, and various sciences, Peirce considered himself, first and foremost, a logician. He made major contributions to logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called epistemology and philosophy of science. He saw logic as the formal branch of semiotics, of which he is a founder, and which foreshadowed the debate among logical positivists and proponents of philosophy of language that dominated 20th century Western philosophy; additionally, he defined the concept of abductive reasoning, as well as rigorously formulated mathematical induction and deductive reasoning. As early as 1886 he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits; the same idea was used decades later to produce digital computers.〔Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to A. Marquand", dated 1886, W 5:541–3, Google (Preview ). See Burks, Arthur W., "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. (PDF Eprint ). Also p. xliv in Houser, Nathan, Introduction, W 5.〕 In 1934, the philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician".〔Weiss, Paul (1934), "Peirce, Charles Sanders" in the ''Dictionary of American Biography''. ''Arisbe'' (Eprint ).〕 ''Webster's Biographical Dictionary'' said in 1943 that Peirce was "now regarded as the most original thinker and greatest logician of his time."〔"Peirce, Benjamin", subheading "Charles Sanders", in ''Webster's Biographical Dictionary'' (1943/1960), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.〕 Keith Devlin similarly referred to Peirce as one of the greatest philosophers ever.〔Keith Devlin (2000) The Math Gene. Basic Books.〕 ==Life== Peirce was born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was the son of Sarah Hunt Mills and Benjamin Peirce, himself a professor of astronomy and mathematics at Harvard University and perhaps the first serious research mathematician in America. At age 12, Charles read his older brother's copy of Richard Whately's ''Elements of Logic'', then the leading English-language text on the subject. So began his lifelong fascination with logic and reasoning.〔Fisch, Max, "(Introduction )", W 1:xvii, find phrase "One episode".〕 He went on to earn the A.B. and A.M. from Harvard; in 1863 the Lawrence Scientific School awarded him a B.Sc. that was Harvard's first ''summa cum laude'' chemistry degree;〔"Peirce, Charles Sanders" (1898), ''The National Cyclopedia of American Biography'', v. 8, (p. 409 ).〕 and otherwise his academic record was undistinguished.〔B:54–6〕 At Harvard, he began lifelong friendships with Francis Ellingwood Abbot, Chauncey Wright, and William James.〔B:363–4〕 One of his Harvard instructors, Charles William Eliot, formed an unfavorable opinion of Peirce. This opinion proved fateful, because Eliot, while President of Harvard 1869–1909—a period encompassing nearly all of Peirce's working life—repeatedly vetoed Harvard's employing Peirce in any capacity.〔B:19-20, 53, 75, 245〕 Peirce suffered from his late teens onward from a nervous condition then known as "facial neuralgia", which would today be diagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia. Brent says that when in the throes of its pain "he was, at first, almost stupefied, and then aloof, cold, depressed, extremely suspicious, impatient of the slightest crossing, and subject to violent outbursts of temper".〔B:40〕 Its consequences may have led to the social isolation which made his life's later years so tragic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles Sanders Peirce」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|